Extraordinary benefits of meditation are described in the current issue of Neurology Now – The American Academy of Neurology’s Magazine for Patients & Caregivers”. Dr. Mauskop is extensively quoted in this article.

Many patients ask about the best type of magnesium supplement to take for the prevention of migraines and other symptoms. Research studies have compared magnesium oxide with chelated magnesium and a slow release form of magnesium chloride and showed that all three types are absorbed equally well. I usually recommend starting with 400 mg of magnesium oxide but chelated magnesium is also very inexpensive and either one can be effective. However, if one type of magnesium causes upset stomach or diarrhea, another one should be tried. Chelated magnesium is a form of magnesium which is attached to an amino acid and depending on the amino acid it is called magnesium aspartate, glycinate, gluconate, orotate, malate, and other. Besides chelated and magnesium oxide, magnesium citrate or carbonate can be tried. When these magnesium salts are not tolerated or not absorbed, slow release forms should be considered, although they are much more expensive. There are two slow release forms, Mag Tab SR (containing magnesium lactate) and Slow Mag (magnesium chloride with calcium). Each tablet of these two products contains only a small amount of magnesium and the daily dose is at least 4 tables. Presence of calcium in Slow Mag may impair absorption of magnesium, making Mag Tab SR the preferred product. People who need to take calcium as well as magnesium should be taking these two separately because calcium interferes with the absorption of magnesium. The reason calcium and magnesium are often combined in one pill (Cal-Mag, Slow Mag, and other) is that magnesium helps improve the absorption of calcium, so it would not be too much to take Cal-Mag with one meal and magnesium alone with another. Patients with serious kidney problems should not be taking magnesium or any other supplements without consulting their nephrologist and having regular blood tests.

Boswellia extract may relieve migraine, cluster and indomethacin-responsive headaches. Boswellia serrata (Indian frankincense) has been long reported to relieve migraines, although I could not find any scientific articles. A study recently published in journal Cephalalgia by Christian Lampl and his colleagues describes four patients with chronic cluster headaches whose headaches improved after taking Boswellia extract. The dose of Boswellia was 350 to 700 mg three times a day. All four patients failed at least three standard preventive medications for cluster headaches, such as verapamil (Calan), topiramate (Topamax), and lithium. It is very surprising that an herbal remedy helps what many consider to be the most painful type of headaches.
Dr. Eric Eross reported that Boswellia extract was also reported to help another very severe headache type – indomethacin responsive headache syndrome. Of the 27 patients with this type of headaches who were given Boswellia, 21 responded. The starting dose was 250 mg three times a day and then the dose was increased as needed, although it is not clear what the highest dose was. Indomethacin is a very strong non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication, but it also tends to have strong gastro-intestinal side effects.
Finding a safe natural alternative is a very important discovery. Unlike butterbur, Boswellia has no toxic ingredients and is safe to consume in any form. The mechanism of action of Boswellia is not entirely clear, but it seems to have anti-inflammatory properties similar to aspirin. Obviously, it does more than that since aspirin is usually ineffective for cluster or indomethacin-responsive headaches.

Photo credit: wikipedia

We no longer recommend butterbur to our patients. We participated in a large (245 patients) placebo-controlled trial of butterbur, which showed that 150 mg of butterbur is effective in the prevention of migraine headaches when compared to placebo. The results were published in the leading neurological journal – Neurology and the American Academy of Neurology recently endorsed the use of butterbur for the prevention of migraine headaches. Because butterbur is highly toxic to the liver and can cause cancer we were very happy to have a highly purified product manufactured in Germany (sold as Petadolex and other brands), where it had to pass strict safety studies. However, Germany is no longer allowing butterbur to be sold there because the manufacturer changed its purification process and did not repeat all of the required safety studies. Butterbur made in Germany and in the US is still sold in the US, but our FDA does not regulate herbal products and does not require the extensive safety tests that are required in Germany. This is why we no longer recommend butterbur for our patients.

Behavioral therapies, such as biofeedback, progressive relaxation, cognitive therapy, and other alternative therapies are routinely recommended only by a quarter of headache specialists, according to research presented at the 54th Annual Scientific Meeting of the American Headache Society in Los Angeles by Robert Nichols of St. Louis. This despite the fact that these therapies are considered proven (so called, Grade A evidence) to relieve migraine and other headaches. Physicians are more likely to prescribe medications, even if they are less proven to work and carry a risk of serious side effects, which are absent with behavioral therapies. Cost of biofeedback and cognitive therapy can be one of the obstacle for some patients, but many techniques such as relaxation training or meditation are inexpensive and are easily learned without the help of a mental health professional. Other studies have shown that combining a behavioral technique with a preventive migraine medication results in better outcomes than with either therapy alone. So, if you take a medication it does not mean that you could not find additional relief from behavioral approaches, as well as aerobic exercise, magnesium, and other alternative therapies.

Biofeedback is an excellent preventive headache treatment with its efficacy proven in many rigorous studies. What prompted me to write this blog post is seeing yet another child (I see kids with headaches aged 10 and older) who had seen his pediatrician and a pediatric neurologist and neither physician mentioned biofeedback. Instead, they just prescribed drugs. Biofeedback is very effective for adults as well, but seeing a 10-year-old child with headaches who is prescribed medications as the only option was somehow more upsetting than when I see and adult under the same circumstances. Children tend to learn biofeedback with greater ease than adults – sometimes they need only 4 – 5 sessions instead of the usual 10 or more. Biofeedback is a way to learn to relax and stay relaxed under pressure, at least relaxed as far as your body goes, if not the mind. The person learning biofeedback is usually connected to a computer by a probe which measures body’s temperature or muscle tension (or brain wave activity in case of neurofeedback). The computer displays this information on the screen, which helps you learn how to relax your body. Biofeedback is taught by a psychologist, a nurse or another trained professional. Some insurers will cover this treatment, but many do not. Fortunately, studies show that self-taught relaxation training can be as effective as biofeedback. There are many free sources and some that you can buy. Many people are skeptical about biofeedback, but there is a simple explanation why it works. You are supposed to stop for a minute or even less to take an inventory of neck, facial, and other muscles, to make sure you are not tensing them up, then take a few deep breath. This will bring your tension down just a little, but if you repeat this one minute exercise every hour, at the end of the day you will avoid having knots in your shoulders and your neck and may avoid a headache. Eventually, this exercise becomes subconscious as you automatically monitor your body and whenever you feel that you are frowning, holding shoulders up, or holding your breath, you stop doing that without having to pause.
In addition to biofeedback and obvious sleep, exercise, and food recommendations, I suggest that all children take a magnesium and CoQ10 supplements. Both have been shown to help children with migraines.

Risks involved in using Chinese herbs are highlighted in the just released AFP report, which you can read on Yahoo News. Here is an edited quote from this story: The samples analyzed for this study included herbal teas, capsules, powders and flakes were tested by scientists at Australia’s Murdoch University. 68 different plant families that were detected in the 15 samples can be toxic if taken in the wrong doses, but the packaging did not list the concentrations of the elements inside.
I am a big proponent of alternative and complementary medicine, recommend herbs, and am a certified acupuncturist. I think acupuncture and many herbal products have a place in the modern medicine because they’ve been shown to be effective. However, many people who go to acupuncturists are often given Chinese herbs along with acupuncture. Unfortunately, there is very little or no quality control in the production of the Chinese herbs. The most dramatic example of this problem was described in the New England Journal of Medicine in 2000 – an herb people were taking for weight loss was contaminated by a toxic plant which caused kidney failure and urinary cancer in 18 of 105 patients. China (just like India, Russia, etc) still has extreme levels of corruption, which means that we cannot rely on their herbal products unless they are first tested in an American laboratory for purity. For now, stick with herbal products made in the US or Western Europe. Feverfew, boswellia, ginger, valerian root, and other are available from major manufacturers, such as Solgar, GNC, Nature Made, and other.

Omega-3 fatty acids, found in fish oil, have been reported to relieve migraine headaches, although the only such study was relatively small. The dose of omega-3 fatty acids was 6 grams taken daily as a preventive treatment for migraines. A recent study published in Neurology shows another reason to take fish oil. Researchers at UCLA measured levels of omega-3 fatty acids, DHA and EPA in red blood cells of 1,575 healthy people with an average age of 67 +/- 9 years. They discovered a strong correlation between low levels of DHA and EPA and shrinking of the brain as well as impaired cognitive function even in people without any signs of dementia. High fish intake has been associated with reduced risk of death from heart disease and strokes and this study shows another highly beneficial effect of omega-3 fatty acids.

Acupuncture has been widely used for the treatment of migraine headaches and it has been subjected to many clinical trials. A new study published in the Canadian Medical Association Journal confirms what previous research has shown – that acupuncture in fact is effective. This study was performed by Chinese researchers and it involved 480 patients. It was a well-designed and rigorously conducted study. The doctors divided patients into 4 groups with 3 groups receiving different types of real acupuncture and the fourth one receiving sham acupuncture. Sham acupuncture group had needles inserted, but they were not manipulated to elicit a specific “qi” sensation, which was done in the real groups. Patients in all three groups receiving real acupuncture did better than those in the sham group. The benefit persisted for at least three months after the treatment. The difference was statistically significant (meaning it did not occur by chance) but not very large, mostly because the sham group also improved. In summary, this study strongly supports the results of previous clinical trials in migraines, which showed positive effects of acupuncture. It also showed that the type of acupuncture is not important, but needles need to be inserted properly and probably need to have electrical stimulation (all groups in this study had electrical stimulation). One difficulty in following the treatment used in this study is the need for doing acupuncture five days a week for 4 weeks. Many people may have difficulty finding the time (and money) for such a regimen. However, many of the previous positive studies were conducted with acupuncture treatment being performed once a week.

Swearing is a common response to pain. A study just published in The Journal of Pain examines whether swearing can actually help pain. Oxford English Dictionary defines swearing as the use of offensive or obscene language. Prior studies by the same researchers at the Keele University in the UK showed that for most people swearing produces a pain lessening effect. In this new study Richard Stephens and Claudia Umland looked at the effect of repeated daily swearing on experimental pain. They took 71 healthy undergraduate students (who else?) and subjected them to pain using a standard research procedure – submerging subjects’ hand into cold water. They again showed that swearing reduces pain and increases heart rate. The latter suggests that swearing reduces pain not only by distraction, but through physiologic effect on the body. They also found that people who tended to swear frequently throughout the day had less of a pain relieving effect from swearing when subjected to pain. So, listen to your mother and don’t swear all the time – save it for when it can do some good for you.

Yet another study finds that exercise is as good for the prevention of migraines as drugs. The research report in journal Cephalalgia by Swedish doctors shows that 40 minutes of exercise three times a week was as effective as taking topiramate (Topamax) or doing relaxation exercises. Topiramate is one of the most popular drugs for the prevention of migraine headaches, but it can have many potential serious side effects, including kidney stones in 20% of patients, glaucoma, memory and other cognitive problems. The same group of researcher published a large study of over 46,648 Swedes which showed a strong inverse correlation between exercise and any type of headaches, including migraines. So, before resorting to drugs or even Botox injections it is worth trying a regimen of avoiding triggers such caffeine, adhering to a regular sleep schedule, taking magnesium and other supplements, and regular exercise.

Migraine prevention is most effective when a preventive medication and behavioral management are combined together. A study by Dr. Holroyd and his colleagues published in the British Medical Journal showed that a beta blocker alone and behavioral management alone did not help patients with migraine headaches. However, combining these two resulted in a significant improvement. This was a very rigorous trial involving 232 patients who were divided into 4 groups: behavioral management alone (with a placebo pill), beta blocker alone, both interventions, and no intervention group (they did receive placebo pills). Patients and doctors did not know which patient received a beta blocker or placebo. Every patients was seen every month for four months and had 3 telephone calls in these four months. During each visit the behavioral management group received one hour of training. All patients were given optimal acute therapy with a triptan and if needed, ibuprofen and a nausea medication.
All patients were evaluated 10 and 16 months later and the combined group was improved compared to the other 3 groups both in the number of attacks, number of migraine days, and in the quality of life.
This confirms the validity of our usual practice of combining several approaches at once rather than trying one at a time. The list of our typical recommendations includes combination of several of these options: avoidance of caffeine, aerobic exercise, behavioral management, magnesium and other supplements, Botox injections, non-prescription medications, such as ibuprofen, naproxen, and Migralex, as well as triptans and prophylactic medications, such as beta blockers, epilepsy drugs, and antidepressants.