Brain disorders | Headache NewsBlog

Electric current treats not only migraines, but also malignant brain tumors.

By: Dr. Mauskop

20-02-2016

Treatment of medical conditions with electricity was first used by the ancient Romans who used electric eels to treat headaches, gout and in obstetrics.

Electric shock therapy for depression was one of the earliest widespread uses of electricity in medicine and it continues to be used successfully, although with some modifications to reduce side effects. Transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (TENS) has been shown to relieve pain of neuromuscular disorders (back, muscle and joint pains) as well as headaches (see my blog post on Cefaly). While TENS uses alternating current, direct current has also been widely utilized in treating various conditions, including migraines.

Despite billions of dollars spent on research, there has been very little progress in developing more effective therapies for glioblastomas, the most common and the deadliest form of malignant brain tumor. The standard therapy for glioblastoma has consisted of surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy.
In October of last year, the FDA approved the use of the Novocure Tumor Treating Fields system for the treatment of patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma. This device delivers alternating electric fields through scalp electrodes to the tumor, interrupting cell division. The addition of the electrical stimulation to chemotherapy increased progression-free survival to 7.1 months, compared to 4.2 months in the group who received chemotherapy alone. There was also an increase in overall survival from 16.6 to 19.4 months. Living three months longer does not seem like a lot, but chemotherapy and radiation, which cause severe side effects, are not much more effective. There is hope on the horizon, however. Several companies are developing vaccines to treat glioblastoma. In one small trial half of the patients survived for 5 years. Northwestern Therapeutics is another company with a similar promising approach in using vaccines derived from patients’ own tumor cells to treat their tumor.

Pituitary adenoma and headache

By: Dr. Mauskop

15-02-2016

Brain disorders, Headaches

Pituitary gland which is located inside the skull and underneath the brain is responsible for secreting various hormones. Pituitary adenoma is a benign tumor of this gland and it often causes increased release of either prolactin, growth hormone, or cortisol. Very often the tumor does not release any hormones. These tumors are extremely common – a microscopic tumor is found in one out of five adults, but they cause symptoms only in a very small proportion of such people. The symptoms are related to the type of hormone that is being released or are caused by the pressure of a growing tumor on the surrounding brain structures, or both. A very small tumor can be treated with medications, while large ones often require surgery. Small tumors have traditionally not been thought to cause headaches.

A recent study showed that in a minority of patients small tumors do cause severe headaches and if these headaches do not respond to medications, surgery can provide relief. The study was done by a group of Japanese neurosurgeons who reviewed the records of 180 patients who underwent surgery for pituitary adenomas at Kanazawa University Hospital between 2006 and 2014. They found nine patients with intractable headaches as the main complaint, associated with a small, but not microscopic pituitary adenoma (average diameter of 15 mm, or 3/5 of an inch). In eight patients the tumor did not secrete any hormones and in one it secreted prolactin.

All nine patients had complete or significant relief of their headache after surgery. The surgeons measured pressure inside the enclosed space called sella, which contains the pituitary gland and discovered that the pressure was significantly higher in patients with headaches than in those without.

In conclusion, while most patients with small tumors do not need surgery, those who have severe headaches that do not respond to medications, Botox injections, and other medical treatments, could find relief from surgery.

Temporal arteritis may be due to shingles virus

By: Dr. Mauskop

25-01-2016

Brain disorders, Headaches

Headache is usually the main presenting symptom of temporal arteritis (also known as giant cell arteritis, or GCA), which is caused by inflammation of blood vessels. This condition happens almost exclusively in the elderly. It presents with a severe headache, which is often one-sided. Some, but not all patients have swelling and tenderness of their temporal artery at the temple. This is a serious condition because it damages blood vessels and can cause strokes, loss of vision, and other complications. The diagnosis is made by blood tests (C-reactive protein, or CRP and erythrocyte sedimentation rate, or ESR) and temporal artery biopsy. However, even the biopsy sometimes does not show the inflammation. The treatment consists of steroid medications, such as prednisone. Prednisone is usually very effective. Unfortunately, prednisone needs to be taken for years if not for the rest of the person’s life and when it is used for long periods, it has many potentially dangerous side effects.

A recent study published in JAMA Neurology showed that many patients with biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis have an infection with varicella-zoster virus. This virus is also responsible for shingles and chickenpox

The researchers reviewed samples of temporal arteries for the presence of varicella-zoster virus. It was found in 68 of 93 (73%) of temporal arteries of patients with the disease, compared with 11 of 49 (22%) normals.

The authors concluded that in patients with clinically suspected GCA, prevalence of the virus in their temporal arteries is similar independent of whether biopsy results are negative or positive. They also felt that “Antiviral treatment may confer additional benefit to patients with biopsy-negative GCA treated with corticosteroids, although the optimal antiviral regimen remains to be determined”, and that “Considering that antiviral medications such as Acyclovir are very safe, it is reasonable to give them to all patients with temporal arteritis.”

White matter lesions and stroke

By: Dr. Mauskop

10-01-2016

Brain disorders, Migraine, Science of Migraine

The little white spots seen on brain MRI scans have long been thought to be benign. A nagging concern has always persisted since their meaning has remained unclear. A recent study by researchers at several medical centers across the US established that even very small brain lesions seen on MRI scans are associated with an increased risk of stroke and death.

This is a very credible study since it involved 1,900 people, who were followed for 15 years. Previous studies of these white matter lesions (WML), which are also called white matter hyperintensities (WMH) involved fewer people and lasted shorter periods of time (these are my previous 4 posts on this topic).

Migraine sufferers, especially those who have migraines with aura are more likely to have WMLs. One Chinese study showed that female migraine sufferers who were frequently taking (“overusing”) NSAIDs, such as aspirin and ibuprofen actually had fewer WMLs than women who did not overuse these medications. Even though most neurologists and headache specialists believe that NSAIDs worsen headaches and cause medication overuse headaches, this is not supported by rigorous scientific evidence (the same applies to triptan family of drugs, such as sumatriptan). Another interesting and worrying finding is that the brain lesions were often very small, less than 3 mm in diameter, which are often dismissed both by radiologists who may not report them and neurologists, even if they personally review the MRI images.

The risk of stroke and dying from a stroke in people with small lesions was three times greater compared with people with no lesions. People with both very small and larger lesions had seven to eight times higher risk of these poor outcomes.

This discovery may help warn people about the increased risk of stroke and death as early as middle age, long before they show any signs of underlying blood vessel disease. The most important question is what can be done to prevent future strokes.

An older discovery pointing to a potential way to prevent strokes is that people who have migraines with aura are more likely to have a mutation of the MTHFR gene, which leads to an elevated level of homocysteine. High levels of this amino acid is thought to damage the lining of blood vessels. This abnormality can be easily corrected with vitamin B12, folic acid and other B vitamins.

More than 800,000 strokes occur each year in the United States, according to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Strokes. Strokes are a leading cause of death in the country and cause more serious long-term disabilities than any other disease. Routine MRI scans should not be performed, even in migraine sufferers, but if an MRI is done and it shows these WMLs, it is important to warn the patient to take preventive measures.

There are several known ways to prevent or reduce the risk of strokes. These include controlling weight, hypertension, cholesterol, diabetes, reducing excessive alcohol intake, stopping smoking, and engaging in regular aerobic exercise.

Smoking increases the risk of strokes in those with migraines

By: Dr. Mauskop

12-08-2015

Brain disorders, Migraine

Migraine with aura is believed to increase the risk of strokes and possibly heart attacks, although the risk estimates vary from study to study.

A recent study demonstrated no increase in the risk of strokes in people who suffered from migraine with and without aura, unless they were active smokers. The findings were published last month in the journal Neurology. Among the 1292 participants with an average age of 68 years there were 262 with migraine. There was no relationship between migraine (with or without aura) and stroke or heart attacks during the 11 year follow up period. However, among the 198 current smokers, there was a 3-fold increased risk for stroke.

The lack of relationship between migraine with aura and stroke seen in previous studies is probably due to a relatively small sample size.

I personally have seen two young women with migraine with aura who suffered a stroke. Both of them were smokers and were taking oral contraceptives. Estrogen contraceptives (even newer ones with lower estrogen content) further increase the risk of strokes in women who have migraine with aura. Progesterone-only pill does not increase the risk of strokes. Some women with severe endometriosis, heavy menstrual blood loss, and severe PMS sometimes have to accept a slight increase in the risk of strokes and take an estrogen-based contraceptive. However, if they smoke, they must stop smoking and also try to reduce other risk factors for strokes, if they are present. These include keeping hypertension and diabetes under control, lower high cholesterol, maintain normal weight and exercise regularly.

A new name for chronic fatigue syndrome

By: Dr. Mauskop

01-04-2015

Brain disorders, Chronic migraine, Migraine, Science of Migraine

Chronic fatigue syndrome sufferers have endured years of neglect and sometimes ridicule. The condition has even been called “yuppie flu”. Informal surveys indicate that half of the doctors do not believe that this is a true physical disease. This is despite the fact that 1 to 2 million Americans have been diagnosed with this condition. In a previous post I mentioned that patients with chronic fatigue are much more likely to suffer from migraines – they occur in 84% of patients. Tension-type headaches were found in 81% and only 4% had no headaches at all.

There is an overwhelming amount of evidence that chronic fatigue syndrome is a physical condition and one of the names that has been used by doctors is Myalgic Encephalomyelitis. The Institute of Medicine recently issued a report, Beyond Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Redefining an Illness, which proposes a new name – Systemic Exertion Intolerance Disease, or SEID. The name indicates that the main characteristic of the disease is the fact that exertion of any kind – physical, cognitive, or emotional – can affect many different body organs and impair normal functioning and reduce quality of life. The report also states that to make this diagnosis, the symptoms have to be chronic, frequent and moderate or severe in intensity. The experts suggest that patients could be diagnosed with both SEID and Lyme disease, fibromyalgia, or another disease that causes fatigue. Currently, if a patient suffers from Lyme disease or another fatiguing condition, chronic fatigue is not added as a separate disease. The report also noted that the prognosis is not very good – many people continue to suffer from SEID for many years.

Fibromyalgia, another condition which was thought to be purely psychological, now has three medications approved to treat it (Lyrica, Cymbalta, and Savella), which has led more doctors treat it as a real disease. Unfortunately, there are no drugs approved for chronic fatigue or SEID.

Here are the specific diagnostic criteria for SEID established by the Institute of Medicine:
– Reduction or impairment in the ability to carry out normal daily activities, accompanied by profound fatigue
– Post-exertional malaise
– Unrefreshing sleep
In addition, diagnosis requires one of the following symptoms:
– Cognitive impairment
– Orthostatic intolerance (difficulty standing up and being in an upright position).

I would add that to make this diagnosis, other known potential causes of fatigue should be ruled out. These include thyroid disease, anemia, chronic infections (Lyme and other), vitamin B12 and other deficiencies. As mentioned in a previous post, the test for vitamin B12 is not very accurate. Many laboratories list normal levels being between 200 and 1,000. However, many patients with levels below 400, and some even with levels above 400 still have a deficiency. If a deficiency is strongly suspected, additional tests are needed – homocysteine and methylmalonic acid levels.

Bariatric surgery can improve migraines, but can also cause a new type of headaches.

By: Dr. Mauskop

19-01-2015

Alternative Therapies, Brain disorders, Migraine

While being overweight doese not cause migraines, in those who do suffer with migraines there is an inverse relationship between person’s weight and the frequency and severity of migraine headaches. Weight loss, including that due to weight loss (bariatric) surgery, has been reported to reduce the frequency of migraine headaches and migraine-related disability. Obesity is also associated with headaches due to increased intracranial pressure (also called pseudotumor cerebri) and losing weight improves such headaches as well.

However, while bariatric surgery may improve migraines, in a small number of people it can cause a different type of headaches. This rare type of headache is caused by a spontaneous leak of cerebro-spinal fluid (CSF), the fluid which surrounds the brain and the spinal cord. Such leaks are common after a spinal tap or can be a complication of epidural anesthesia. Loss of CSF can cause severe headaches, which are strictly positional. They are severe in the upright position, sitting or standing, but quickly improve upon lying down.

A study of 338 patients who underwent bariatric surgery at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles detected 11 patients who developed a spontaneous CSF leak with severe headaches. Headaches started anywhere within three months and 20 years after surgery. Clearly, headaches starting 20 years later are not likely to be related to surgery, which suggests that this link between bariatric surgery and headaches is far from proven. Of these 11 patients, 9 improved with treatment. The typical treatment for a CSF leak is a “blood patch” procedure, which involves taking blood from the patient’s vein and injecting it into the area of the leak. When blood clots, it usually seals the leak and the headache improves within hours.

Bell’s palsy (facial paralysis) is twice as common in migraine sufferers

By: Dr. Mauskop

29-12-2014

Botox, Brain disorders, Science of Migraine

A report by Taiwanese doctors just published in the journal Neurology suggests that having migraine headaches may double the risk of Bell’s palsy.

Several medical conditions, such as asthma, anxiety, depression, irritable bowel syndrome, epilepsy, and other occur with higher frequency in migraineurs, but until now, no one suspected an association between migraines and Bell’s palsy.

The researchers compared two groups of 136,704 people aged 18 years and older – one group with migraine and the other without. They followed these two groups for an average of 3 years.

During that time, 671 people in the migraine group and 365 of the non-migraine group developed Bell’s palsy.

This association persisted even after other factors such as sex, high blood pressure, and diabetes were taken into account.

The authors speculated that the inflammation and the blood vessel problems seen in both conditions may explain this association.

This study appears to be of purely academic interest since we do not know how to prevent Bell’s palsy. However, I decided to write about it because a couple of my colleagues (one in our office and at least one other on a doctors’ discussion board) reported seeing Bell’s palsy soon after administering Botox injections for chronic migraines. This report by Taiwanese doctors suggests that Bell’s palsy might have been not due to Botox, but rather a coincidence since Bell’s palsy is more common in migraine sufferers.

Migraine aura can start in pregnancy

By: Dr. Mauskop

27-06-2014

Brain disorders, Science of Migraine

Migraine aura precedes the headache in about 20% of patients. The most common type of aura is visual. It consists of flashing lights, sparkles, partial loss of vision, and other visual distortions, which can move across the visual field. Typical duration of the aura is 20 to 60 minutes and it can occur without a headache. Many people get frightened when experiencing an aura for the first time. Thoughts of a brain tumor spring to their minds. Although auras rarely indicate a serious problem, an MRI scan is usually indicated when an aura occurs for the first time.

MRI scans are considered to be safe in pregnancy, but the current guidelines of the FDA require labeling of the MRI devices to indicate that the safety of MRI with respect to the fetus “has not been established”. Not surprisingly, most expecting mothers instinctively try to avoid any testing. So, what to do if a pregnant woman develops an aura? A study by headache specialists at the Montefiore Headache Center in the Bronx suggests that this is not an uncommon occurrence. Of 121 pregnant women presenting with an acute headache, 76 had migraines and a third of these had an aura for the first time in their lives. Two thirds of auras occurred in the third trimester. This report should be reassuring and may help avoid unnecessary MRI scans. However, MRI may still be needed if there are other signs of a more serious neurological problem on examination or by history.

“Visual snow” and migraine

By: Dr. Mauskop

22-06-2014

Brain disorders, Science of Migraine

“Visual snow” is a continuous TV-static-like visual disturbance experienced by some people who suffer from migraines and by some without migraines. A group of British doctors examined 120 patients with persistent “visual snow” and found that 70 of them also suffered from migraines. Of these 70, 37 had migraine with aura and 33 had migraine without aura. Many of these patient had other visual complaints: some had a trailing after-image when shifting their gaze, saw sparkles, were always sensitive to light, and had poor night vision. Fifty two of them also complained of noise in their ears (tinnitus).

Seventeen of these patients underwent PET scans of their brain, which were compared to PET scans of 17 normal control subjects. Those with “visual snow” had increase brain activity in two parts of the brain, indicating that this is not a psychological or an eye problem, but a brain disorder.

Unfortunately, the authors did not provide any ideas as to how to treat these patients. However, the fact that some areas of the brain were overactive, suggests that using epilepsy drugs, which suppress excessive brain cell activation and are proven to help migraines, may help. These drugs include gabapentin (Neurontin), topiramate (Topamax), and divalproate (Depakote). Before using drugs though, I would suggest trying magnesium orally or intravenously because magnesium also reduces excitability of the nervous system and because half of migraine sufferers have low magnesium levels. See an article on magnesium and migraines here.

Headaches due to increased pressure in the head

By: Dr. Mauskop

09-06-2014

Brain disorders

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension is also called pseudotumor cerebri because just like with a brain tumor, the
pressure is increased inside the skull. This condition usually presents with a headache and sometimes with visual symptoms. Increased intracranial pressure is not only a very painful condition, but also, if left untreated, can cause loss of vision and strokes.

An observational study just published in JAMA Neurology reports on 165 patients with pseudotumor seen by a group of neurologists and ophthalmologists across the country. The mean age of these patients was 29 and only 4 were men. The vast majority of them were obese with an average body mass index of 40, while normal is below 25. Headache was present in 84% of patients and 68% reported transient loss of vision. Half of them had back pains and pulse-like noise in the ears (pulsatile tinnitus) was reported by 52%. Visual loss was found in 32% and it was usually loss of the peripheral vision with an enlarged blind spot in the middle.

The authors concluded that pseudotumor cerebri mostly occurs in young obese women. The importance of this report is in reminding physicians to consider this diagnosis in young obese women with headaches. The diagnosis is confirmed by performing a lumbar puncture (spinal tap), which is the only way to measure intracranial pressure. An MRI scan is also always done (before the spinal tap), to make sure that it is not a real tumor that is causing increased pressure and to visualize ventricles (fluid-filled spaces) inside the brain. These ventricles are usually small in patients with pseudotumor. Performing the lumbar puncture involves draining of the cerebrospinal fluid, which can immediately relieve the headache and also improve vision. Some patients require regular spinal taps or placement of a draining shunt (usually from one of the brain’s ventricle or spinal canal to the abdominal cavity).

However, many patients respond to medications, such as acetazolamide (Diamox) or topiramate (Topamax). Weight loss is the most effective, albeit difficult treatment. The same group of physicians reported that acetazolamide combined with weight loss was somewhat more effective than weight loss alone. Only rarely, when vision is acutely threatened, a surgical procedure to relieve pressure inside the optic nerve is performed by an ophthalmologist (the procedure is called optic nerve sheath fenestration).

In summary, increased intracranial pressure is often mistaken for chronic migraine and should be considered in every young female obese headache sufferer.

Acetaminophen (Tylenol) in pregnancy is not as safe as thought.

By: Dr. Mauskop

26-02-2014

Brain disorders, Headache medications

Tylenol (acetaminophen, or in Europe it is called paracetamol) is the go-to drug for pain, headaches, and fever during pregnancy. A new study just published in the journal JAMA Pediatrics indicates that this drug may not be as safe as previously thought.

Animal research has long suggested that acetaminophen is a so called hormone disruptor, a substance that changes the normal balance of hormones. It is a well-established fact that an abnormal hormonal exposures in pregnancy may influence fetal brain development.

Danish researchers decided to evaluate whether prenatal exposure to acetaminophen increases the risk for developing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children. They studied 64,322 live-born children and mothers enrolled in the Danish National Birth Cohort during 1996-2002.

The doctors used parental reports of behavioral problems in children 7 years of age using a specific questionnaire, retrieved diagnoses from the Danish National Hospital Registry or the Danish Psychiatric Central Registry, and identified ADHD prescriptions (mainly Ritalin) for children from the Danish Prescription Registry.

More than half of all mothers reported acetaminophen use while pregnant. Children whose mothers used acetaminophen during pregnancy were at about 1.3 times higher risk for receiving a hospital diagnosis of ADHD, use of ADHD medications, or having ADHD-like behaviors at age 7 years. Stronger associations were observed with use in more than 1 trimester during pregnancy and with higher frequency of intake of acetaminophen.

The researchers concluded that maternal acetaminophen use during pregnancy is associated with a higher risk for ADHD-like behaviors in children.

This presents a difficult problem in treating headaches and pain in pregnant women. Aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen and naproxen can cause other problems in pregnancy and are particularly dangerous in the third trimester. In women with migraines, acetaminophen tends to be ineffective anyway, so these women should be given migraine-specific drugs, such as triptans (Imitrex or sumatriptan, Maxalt or rizatriptan, and other). They are much more effective than acetaminophen and the woman may need to take much less of these drugs than of acetaminophen. Triptans are also in category C in pregnancy, which means that we do not know how safe they are. Imitrex was introduced more than 20 years ago and we do not that it does not have any major risks for the fetus, but that does not mean that more subtle problems, such as ADHD are also not more common. Another headache drug that should be avoided in pregnancy is Fioricet. It is popular with some obstetricians because it has been on the market for 40 years. However, it contains not only acetaminophen, but also caffeine, which can make headaches worse, as well as a barbiturate drug butalbital, which can also have deleterious effect on the fetal brain.

Fortunately, two out of three women stop having migraines during pregnancy, especially in the second and third trimester. If they continue having headaches, treatment is directed at prevention. Regular aerobic exercise, getting enough sleep, regular meals, good hydration, avoiding caffeine, learning biofeedback, meditation or another form of relaxation, magnesium supplementation, are all safe and can be very effective. Acute treatments that do not involve drugs are often not very practical for a busy person. However, if the headache prevents normal functioning anyway, taking a hot bath with an ice pack on the head at the same time can help some women. Taking a nap, getting a massage, aromatherapy with peppermint and lavender essential oils are good options. For nausea, ginger and Sea Bands are sometimes very effective.