Headaches | Headache NewsBlog

Virtual reality for pain relief

By: Dr. Mauskop

22-11-2020

Alternative Therapies, Headaches, Migraine, Pain

Many studies have shown that virtual reality experience can relieve pain. The first such study in burn patients was published 20 years ago. A comprehensive review of this topic, Immersive Virtual Reality and Virtual Embodiment for Pain Relief was published last year by Italian researchers.

A different group of Italian researchers tested the effects of visual distraction on pain in chronic migraine patients. They compared a classical hospital waiting room with an ideal room with a sea view. Both were represented in virtual reality (VR). They measured pain and brain responses induced by painful laser stimuli in healthy volunteers and patients with chronic migraine. Pain was induced in the hand of sixteen chronic migraine patients and 16 healthy controls. This was done during a fully immersive VR experience, where two types of waiting rooms were simulated. Patients with migraine showed a reduction of laser pain rating and brain responses during the sea view simulation. Control subjects experienced the same level of pain in both types of simulated rooms.

An older study of 30 patients with chronic pain showed that 20 patients had pain relief during a VR session. Ten of them reported complete pain relief. Of the 20 who had relief, 10 had continued relief after the VR session.

A combination of VR with biofeedback resulted in lasting benefits in 9 of 10 children with chronic headaches who completed 10 training sessions.

About 5% to 10% of people who try VR get cybersickness. This is a feeling of dizziness or vertigo, similar to motion sickness. This is why VR sessions are often limited to a maximum of 30 minutes.

It appears that there are several possible approaches to the treatment of pain using VR. One is by using VR for distraction. Another, by utilizing VR to facilitate biofeedback, which is proven to relieve migraine and tension headaches. The third way, yet to be proven, is by altering body perception.

Find out what a hangover headache feels like

By: Dr. Mauskop

18-10-2020

Headaches, Migraine, Science of Migraine

If you’ve never experienced a hangover headache, a group of Spanish researchers can tell you what it feels like. They set out to evaluate and characterize what the international headache classification calls the “delayed alcohol-induced headache”. Also known as a hangover headache. The results of their investigation were published in the leading neurology journal, Neurology.

They studied a group with a lot of experience in this area – university students. The students made a personal sacrifice for the sake of science and voluntarily consumed alcohol and experienced headache.

A total of 1,108 (!) participants were included (58% female, mean age 23 years, 41% with headache history). The mean alcohol intake was 158 grams. Spirits were consumed by 60% of the participants; beer was consumed by 41%, and wine was consumed by 18%.

The mean headache duration was 7 hours. The duration correlated with the total grams of alcohol consumed. The pain was bilateral in 85% of patients and predominantly frontal in location (43%). The pain was mostly moderate in intensity with pressing (60%) or pulsatile (39%) quality. It was aggravated by physical activity in 83% of participants. Criteria for a migraine diagnosis were fulfilled by 36%.

One interesting finding of the study is that 58% of students had a headache that was typical of one seen with low cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure. This raises the question of whether alcohol can indeed cause low CSF pressure.

It is an interesting question but I am not sure if further studies are warranted. It is probably better to spend the money on trying to reduce alcohol consumption.

100 Migraine Drugs, A to Z: tramadol

By: Dr. Mauskop

11-10-2020

Chronic migraine, Headache medications, Headaches, Migraine, Pain

Tramadol (Ultram) is a mild narcotic (opioid) pain killer. Just like other opioids it is not a good choice to treat an acute migraine attack. Besides its addiction potential, it does not work well for most migraine patients, can cause nausea, and can lead to rebound or medication overuse headaches.

Tramadol is also available in combination with acetaminophen (Ultracet). This combination was tested in a study published in Headache, Tramadol/Acetaminophen for the Treatment of Acute Migraine Pain: Findings of a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial. 305 patients took tramadol/APAP (75 mg/650 mg) or placebo for a typical migraine with moderate or severe pain.

Subjects in the tramadol/APAP group were more likely than those in the placebo group to be pain-free at 2 hours (22% vs. 9%), 6 hours (43% vs. 25%), and 24 hours (53% vs. 38%)
Side effects caused by the active drug included nausea, dizziness, vomiting, and somnolence.

Tramadol alone or in combination with acetaminophen is worth trying only if the first-line classes of drugs are ineffective or contraindicated. These include NSAIDs, triptans, and gepants.

Histamine and migraine

By: Dr. Mauskop

17-08-2020

Alternative Therapies, Headache medications, Headaches, injections, Migraine

Histamine is best known as a part of the defense against allergies. But it is also an important neurotransmitter – a brain chemical involved in arousal, anxiety, the stress-related release of hormones, activation of the sympathetic nervous system, pain relief, and other functions.

Increased sensitivity to histamine may lead to an excessive allergic reaction which is relieved by anti-histamine drugs. It can also increase pain. One strategy thought to reduce this over-reaction is desensitization – injecting small amounts of histamine which can lead to a reduced reaction.

This approach seems to help some migraine and cluster patients. It was first reported in 1941 by a Mayo clinic doctor, Bayard Horton in an article entitled The use of histamine in the treatment of specific types of headaches. Another article, Intravenous histamine in the treatment of migraine was published in 1946 by W.A. Thomas and S. Butler.

A group of Mexican doctors compared subcutaneous (under the skin) injections of small doses of histamine to injections of placebo in 60 patients. They found histamine to be more effective. The same group of doctors conducted three more double-blind trials of histamine injections. A double-blind study of 90 migraine patients compared twice-weekly injections of histamine with 100 mg of oral topiramate, which is an FDA-approved treatment for migraines. These treatments were equally effective. They then compared twice-weekly injections of histamine to 500 mg of valproate, which is also an FDA-approved migraine drug in 92 migraine patients. Histamine was superior to valproate. They compared histamine to the injection of a relatively small dose of Botox (50 units, while the standard dose is155 units) in 100 patients and found them to be equally effective.

These results would be more convincing if another group confirmed these findings. When I asked the opinion of an allergy specialist in NYC, Dr. Michael Chandler he told me that the idea of histamine desensitization has been discredited and that it is not being used to treat allergies.

Acetyl-leucine may help dizziness, vertigo and migraines

By: Dr. Mauskop

12-08-2020

Alternative Therapies, Chronic migraine, Head trauma, Headache medications, Headaches, Migraine, New treatments, Uncategorized

Acetyl-leucine (Tanganil) is an amino acid that has been available in France for over 60 years as a prescription drug. It is approved for the treatment of low blood pressure and dizziness. However, there are no published studies of this product for either low blood pressure or dizziness. There are some animal studies suggesting that acetyl-leucine works on brain cells responsible for the balancing of the body and motor control. It was also tested in animals whose inner ear balancing organ was destroyed on one side.

A group of German doctors, whom I know and respect, found it to be very effective in a prospective study of 10 patients with migraines. The dose was 5 grams daily. The usual recommended dose for dizziness and hypotension is up to 2 grams.

I occasionally recommend it to desperate patients with severe and persistent dizziness and vertigo that has resulted from a concussion or vestibular migraine.

While acetyl-leucine is not proven to be effective, it does not cause any side effects.

Acetyl-leucine is also being tested for some rare hereditary neurological disorders such as Niemann-Pick disease.

100 Migraine Drugs, A to Z: rizatriptan

By: Dr. Mauskop

21-07-2020

Chronic migraine, Headache medications, Headaches, Migraine

Rizatriptan (Maxalt, Maxalt MLT) is one of the seven triptans approved in the US. Along with zolmitriptan, it is one of the two triptans available in an orally disintegrating form – it melts in your mouth and does not require water to take it. This is important for those migraine sufferers who are so nauseous that they cannot drink even a small amount of fluid without throwing it up. It also means that you can take it when water is not immediately available. This is important since the earlier you take an abortive drug the better the results.

Another unique feature of rizatriptan is that the FDA-approved dose is up to three 10-mg tablets a day (it is also available in 5-mg tablets), while all other triptans have a limit of 2 a day. This does not mean that there is any significant difference in how different short-acting triptans are processed in your body or that taking sumatriptan three times in one day is dangerous. Unfortunately, many doctors blindly follow the rules and sternly warn patients not to exceed the FDA-recommended dose. The 5 most effective triptans (this excludes naratriptan and especially frovatriptan) have a half-life of 2-3 hours, which means that half of a single dose is gone from your body in 2-3 hours and after 6-8 hours, almost all of it is washed out. Naratriptan has a half-life of 6 hours and frovatriptan, 26 hours. Even if you were to take narartriptan three times a day it would not endanger your life, unless you have coronary artery disease or another contraindication to triptans in general.

These contraindications include uncontrolled hypertension, history of a stroke or a heart attack, and multiple risk factors for coronary artery disease. You may still be able to take triptans if you have some risk factors, but you would need to have your coronary arteries checked with coronary calcium scoring, stress test, or an angiogram.

Botox for brain tumor headaches?

By: Dr. Mauskop

12-07-2020

Botox, Brain disorders, Headaches

Two patients treated at MD Anderson Cancer Center for brain tumors were given Botox injections for their tumor-related headaches. The report at the recent meeting of the American Headache Society describes two patients, one with a meningioma (“extensive meningiomatosis”) and the second one with metastatic breast cancer. The first patient completed 14 treatments with Botox over 4 years and the second, 9 treatments over 2 years. Both patients had sustained improvement in their headache intensity, duration, headache-free days, and quality of life. The recurrence of headaches often began 90 days after each treatment, which is the usual duration of the effect of Botox.

Botox is approved by the FDA for the preventive treatment of chronic migraine headaches, which are defined as headaches occurring on at least 15 days each month. However, most headache specialists I know use it for other types of headaches as well. Cluster headaches, hemicrania continua, post-traumatic headaches, numular headaches, trigeminal neuralgia have all been reported in the medical literature to respond to Botox. I’ve also successfully treated patients with these types of headaches, as well as a large number with episodic migraines (less than 15 headache days a month) and a few with chronic tension-type headaches.

Neuropathic pain also seems to respond to Botox and I’ve treated patients with post-herpetic neuralgia (shingles), stump pain after amputation, post-surgical scar pain, and other pain types.

It is not surprising that Botox could help headaches caused by a brain tumor. The brain itself is not pain-sensitive – neurosurgeons can cut it in an awake patient without causing any pain. Most of the pain originates in the brain covering called meninges which are innervated by the trigeminal nerve and which can be stretched and irritated by a tumor. The trigeminal nerve also provides sensation over the face and the anterior part of the head. Botox works by reducing pain signals sent from the trigeminal nerve endings to the brain.

High CRP level is a modifiable risk factor for chronic migraine

By: Dr. Mauskop

14-06-2020

Alternative Therapies, Brain disorders, Chronic migraine, Headaches, Migraine

A large population-based 11-year long study just published by Norwegian researchers confirmed that an elevated level of an inflammatory marker C-reactive protein (CRP) is associated with an increased risk of developing chronic migraine.

Inflammation is a well-established part of the pathophysiology of migraine. Pro-inflammatory aspects of obesity are thought to underly the correlation between excessive weight and the frequency of migraines. While it is not clear how high CRP leads to chronification of migraines, there are several ways to lower this marker.

CRP is also a well-documented marker of risk for cardiovascular disease. Statins, such as atorvastatin (Lipitor) lower CRP levels independently of their lipid-lowering effect. Metformin is another drug that can lower CRP levels.

There are several ways to lower CRP without drugs including lifestyle changes such as regular exercise, a healthy diet, and moderate alcohol consumption.

A Japanese study of over 2,000 people showed that blood levels of vitamin C are inversely correlated with CRP levels. A review of 12 published studies of the effect of vitamin C on CRP showed that vitamin C lowers CRP levels.

A meta-analysis of 12 published studies showed that vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol or gamma-tocopherol) is another vitamin that lowers CRP levels.

Eye exercises for head trauma and headaches

By: Dr. Mauskop

22-05-2020

Alternative Therapies, Head trauma, Headaches, Migraine

We recently started using RightEye eye-tracking equipment which can help our patients who are suffering from visual difficulties due to migraines, concussion, or traumatic brain injury (TBI). Many brain disorders can impair the control of eye movements. This can lead to incorrect information being passed from the eyes to the brain, which can worsen brain dysfunction. Eye strain can also contribute to migraines and post-concussion headaches.

The RightEye computer has a built-in infrared eye-tracking device that can accurately diagnose different abnormal eye movements. It tests smooth pursuit, vertical and horizontal saccades, reading, reaction time, and other functions. A recent study, Vertical smooth pursuit as a diagnostic marker of traumatic brain injury showed a correlation between moderate and severe TBI and abnormal eye movements.

Eye movement problems after TBI were also reported in a study published in the Journal of Neurotrauma , Eye Tracking Detects Disconjugate Eye Movements Associated with Structural Traumatic Brain Injury and Concussion.

A study in the journal Brain showed that eye movement difficulties were still present 3 to 5 months after the concussion and that they were not affected by the presence of depression or degree of intellectual ability. Compared with neuropsychological tests, eye movements were more likely to be markedly impaired in patients with many postconcussion symptoms.

While there are no studies showing that migraines improve with eye exercises, there is some evidence that symptoms of concussion which can include migraine headaches, do improve. A review of several published studies of vision therapy for post-concussion symptoms found it “promising”.

Why would we offer this eye movement therapy in the absence of definitive proof of its efficacy? Mostly because there are limited options for the treatment of concussion and migraines with prominent visual symptoms. We also consulted experts at SUNY College of Optometry in NYC and they were very positive about the potential benefits of this therapy.

The testing process takes about 10 minutes. If problems are found, patients are prescribed specific eye exercises that are done daily by logging into RightEye company’s portal.

Tonight you can watch a live Facebook event on exercise and migraines

By: Dr. Mauskop

30-04-2020

Alternative Therapies, Chronic migraine, Headaches, Migraine

Tonight at 6 PM (EST), Dr. Mauskop will speak at the Weekly Wellness with the American Migraine Foundation. He will discuss the role of exercise in the management of migraine headaches and the results of scientific clinical trials, as well as practical information about various types of exercise such as aerobic (cardiovascular), isometric, high-intensity interval testing, and the Feldenkrais method. He will also provide advice on how to avoid exercise-induced and exertional headaches. You can log in to see this event and ask questions here – https://www.facebook.com/events/730534437480323/

Lasmiditan – another new drug for acute treatment of migraines.

By: Dr. Mauskop

02-02-2020

Headaches, Migraine, New treatments

Lasmiditan (Rayvow) is the first (and probably the last) drug in the class of ditans. Just like the triptans (sumatriptan or Imitrex and other), it works through the serotonin system. However, it activates 5-HT_1F serotonin receptor, while triptans activate 5-HT_1Band 5-HT_1Dreceptors. This confers an advantage in that lasmiditan does not cause constriction of coronary arteries, which can happen with triptans . So patients with a history of a heart attack, angina or multiple risk factors for vascular disease who could not take triptans, now have another drug that is safe to use. The first acute migraine drug for this at-risk population, ubrogepant (Ubrelvy) became available a week ago. Lasmiditan will reach pharmacies in the next few days.

I will also prescribe lasmiditan to patients for whom triptans and ubrogepant are ineffective, partially effective, or cause side effects, which constitutes a sizable minority of my patients. .

Results of two large double-blind trials showed that 28-39% of patients achieved fast and complete elimination of migraine pain at two hours with lasmiditan as compared to 15% and 21% with placebo. 41-49% of patients achieved freedom from their most bothersome symptom of sensitivity to light, sensitivity to sound, or nausea at two hours with lasmiditan compared to 30% and 33% with placebo.

Lasmiditan is available in 50 mg and 100 mg tablets and the recommended dose is 50, 100, or 200 mg taken once a day.

Side effects were generally mild to moderate and the most frequent ones included dizziness, fatigue, tingling, drowsiness, nausea, and muscle weakness. Two driving studies showed that lasmiditan may cause significant driving impairment.

Lasmiditan is a non-narcotic medication, has low abuse potential and no evidence of physical dependence. It is a controlled substance but is in category 5, which indicates the lowest level of potential risk of abuse.

100 Migraine Drugs, A to Z: clopidogrel

By: Dr. Mauskop

10-11-2019

Headache medications, Headaches, Migraine

Clopidogrel (Plavix) was not on my original list of 100 migraine drugs, but I decided to add it after another mention of this drug at the last congress of the International Headache Society in Dublin (since I keep adding drugs and new ones are being released, the list will exceed 100).

Patients who suffer from migraines, especially those who have auras, have a higher incidence of a persistent opening between the left and the right side of their heart, called patent foramen ovale or PFO. PFO is found in 25% of the general population, is usually small and causes no symptoms. When it is large, it needs to be closed, which can be done through a vein in the groin. Unfortunately, studies that aimed to relieve migraines by closing the PFO did not show much benefit. However, blood thinners used after the procedure may have helped some patients.

I first mentioned clopidogrel in a blog post from 2007 when describing a British doctor’s experience with a few of his patients. In another blog post from 2015 I mentioned a study that showed that clopidogrel with aspirin was more effective in improving migraines than aspirin alone. A study comparing aspirin and clopidogrel showed them to be equally effective in improving migraines in patients with a PFO.

In the study presented in Dublin by two Chinese doctors PFO was found in 151 out of 266 (57%) of all migraine patients, of whom 65 the opening was large. PFO was found in 59 out of 84 (70%) of all migraine with aura and 36 patients had a large opening. 27 migraine patients who did not respond to standard medical therapy were given clopidogrel, 75 mg a day for 3 months. 22 patients completed this study. Headache frequency, severity and duration were significantly decreased by addition of this drug. Migraine-related disability was also reduced.

Aspirin, clopidogrel as well as prasugrel (Effient) and ticagrelor (Brilinta) are drugs that inhibit the function of platelets, small blood particles that are involved in blood clotting. Platelet dysfunction and other blood clotting problems have been suspected to play a role in triggering migraines, but the scientific evidence has been lacking.

A report by a cardiologist Dr. Robert Sommer and his colleagues at the Columbia University Medical Center suggests that platelets do contribute to migraines in some patients. They reviewed records of their 136 patients (86% female, mean age 38 years, with an average of 15 headache days a month). Migraines improved on clopidogrel in 80 (59%). The clopidogrel was equally beneficial in patients with episodic and chronic migraines, with and without aura. When the researchers tested platelets in non-responders, 19 of 45 (40%) did not have their platelets inhibited by clopidogrel. Sixteen of those patients were switched to prasugrel, which adequately inhibited platelets and 10 of 16 (62%) had improvement in their migraines. 56 of 90 responders had their PFO closed and the drug stopped after 3 months, which is typically done after a PFO closure. Ninety-four percent had ongoing migraine relief. All 8 of 8 responders who stopped their medication without PFO closure had worsening of their migraines.

This was not a blinded study, so it is premature to recommend PFO closure to migraine patients. However, it can be argued that patients whose migraines do not respond to several drugs, Botox, and monoclonal antibodies should have an echocardiogram to look for a PFO and if one is found, at least given a trial of an antiplatelet medication.