Migraine | Headache NewsBlog

100 Migraine Drugs A to Z: propofol

By: Dr. Mauskop

04-06-2020

Chronic migraine, Headache medications, injections, Migraine

Propofol (Diprivan) was originally developed for general anesthesia during surgery. Smaller amounts were found to work well for “conscious sedation” to induce a semiconscious state for minor procedures such as colonoscopies.

In small doses, propofol appears to be effective for the treatment of migraines. A 2019 review of nine studies and case reports showed that “Propofol may be an effective rescue therapy for patients presenting to the ED for acute migraine, but its place in therapy based on the limited available evidence is unknown.”

Propofol was also tested for the emergency room treatment of 66 children with migraines. It was found to be as effective as the standard therapy but those give propofol had a lower rate of headache recurrence within 24 hours.

Propofol is a drug of abuse that was in part responsible for the death of Michael Jackson (it was one of several drugs found in his body). Because it is given only intravenously and is not easy to get, most of the cases of addiction reported occurred in healthcare professionals.

Propofol is administered only intravenously and at anesthetic doses it can have serious side effects such as a drop in blood pressure. However, it appears very safe for conscious sedation and is probably even safer at small doses used for migraines.

It should be considered when a patient does not respond to other intravenous therapies such as ketorolac, metoclopramide, and dihydroergotamine.

I’ve tried Ubrelvy (ubrogepant) and Nurtec ODT (rimegepant)

By: Dr. Mauskop

30-05-2020

Chronic migraine, Headache medications, Migraine, New treatments

My migraines respond very well to sumatriptan, but I do like to try new treatments that I recommend to my patients.

A few months ago two new abortive drugs to treat acute migraine attacks were approved by the FDA. Ubrelvy (ubrogepant) and Nurtec ODT (rimegepant) block CGRP, a substance released during a migraine attack. They work in a similar way to four injectable drugs used for the prevention of migraines – erenumab (Aimovig), fremanezumab (Ajovy), galcanezumab (Emgality), and eptinezumab (Vyepti). I’ve tried erenumab and fremanezumab with some relief, but stopped both because sumatriptan works well and I don’t really need any preventive medications.

Because the two injectable drugs did help, I expected the two new oral medications to work as well. Alas, neither one had any effect. This suggests that CGRP is not very operational in my case. The fact that sumatriptan, a drug that works on serotonin receptors works so well indicates that the serotonin system is dominant in producing my migraines.

Migraine is a very heterogeneous disorder with a variety of clinical presentations and with dozens of identified genetic abnormalities that predispose one to migraines. This means that we are not likely to have a drug that works for all migraine patients. What we do expect, is the advent of personalized medicine – having tests that predict which drug will work for which patient.

Eye exercises for head trauma and headaches

By: Dr. Mauskop

22-05-2020

Alternative Therapies, Head trauma, Headaches, Migraine

We recently started using RightEye eye-tracking equipment which can help our patients who are suffering from visual difficulties due to migraines, concussion, or traumatic brain injury (TBI). Many brain disorders can impair the control of eye movements. This can lead to incorrect information being passed from the eyes to the brain, which can worsen brain dysfunction. Eye strain can also contribute to migraines and post-concussion headaches.

The RightEye computer has a built-in infrared eye-tracking device that can accurately diagnose different abnormal eye movements. It tests smooth pursuit, vertical and horizontal saccades, reading, reaction time, and other functions. A recent study, Vertical smooth pursuit as a diagnostic marker of traumatic brain injury showed a correlation between moderate and severe TBI and abnormal eye movements.

Eye movement problems after TBI were also reported in a study published in the Journal of Neurotrauma , Eye Tracking Detects Disconjugate Eye Movements Associated with Structural Traumatic Brain Injury and Concussion.

A study in the journal Brain showed that eye movement difficulties were still present 3 to 5 months after the concussion and that they were not affected by the presence of depression or degree of intellectual ability. Compared with neuropsychological tests, eye movements were more likely to be markedly impaired in patients with many postconcussion symptoms.

While there are no studies showing that migraines improve with eye exercises, there is some evidence that symptoms of concussion which can include migraine headaches, do improve. A review of several published studies of vision therapy for post-concussion symptoms found it “promising”.

Why would we offer this eye movement therapy in the absence of definitive proof of its efficacy? Mostly because there are limited options for the treatment of concussion and migraines with prominent visual symptoms. We also consulted experts at SUNY College of Optometry in NYC and they were very positive about the potential benefits of this therapy.

The testing process takes about 10 minutes. If problems are found, patients are prescribed specific eye exercises that are done daily by logging into RightEye company’s portal.

100 Migraine Drugs, A to Z: phenelzine

By: Dr. Mauskop

13-05-2020

Chronic migraine, Headache medications, Migraine

Phenelzine (Nardil) is an antidepressant which was approved by the FDA for the treatment of depression in 1961. It belongs to the family of monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors and it is a very effective antidepressant. However, it is rarely used because of its potential to cause side effects and serious drug and food interactions.

There have been no good trials of phenelzine for the treatment of migraines. One small study compared phenelzine with and without a beta blocker, atenolol. Atenolol is known to help migraines and lowers blood pressure, so it could prevent an increase in blood pressure from phenelzine. Phenelzine worked well with and without atenolol. Another report described 11 patients with refractory (not responding to usual drugs) migraines. Ten of the 11 patients had a greater than 50% reduction in the number of headache attacks. Two patients developed low blood pressure and one, high pressure, which was easily controlled. There was also a case report of dramatic improvement in a patient with chronic and treatment-resistant migraines.

Phenelzine can interact with other antidepressants, appetite suppressants, drugs for attention deficit disorder, some epilepsy drugs, muscle relaxants, certain blood pressure medications, some opioid (narcotic) medications, and other. Foods that can interact with phenelzine include aged cheeses, aged/dried/fermented/salted/smoked/pickled/processed meats and fish, fava beans, Italian green beans, broad beans, overripe or spoiled fruits, packaged soups, sauerkraut, red wine, and some other types of alcohol.

An adverse interaction with these drugs and foods can cause a sudden increase in blood pressure or serotonin syndrome, which can be dangerous. However, it does not mean that every drug and food listed above will always cause a serious reaction. Most people will have mild or no reaction at all and if another drug needs to be added to phenelzine, it can be started at a very low dose, and then the dose can be slowly increased.

Besides drug and food interactions, phenelzine has some unpleasant side effects of its own. These include drowsiness, dizziness, constipation, dry mouth, weight gain, sexual dysfunction, and other.

We have many other antidepressants (tricyclics and SNRIs) and other categories of drugs (CGRP drugs, Botox, epilepsy and high blood pressure medications) that are very effective for the prevention of migraines, so phenelzine is almost never used. I prescribe it only after trying many other preventive drugs but it works exceptionally well for a handful of patients for whom no other drug helps.

100 Migraine Drugs, A to Z: ondansetron

By: Dr. Mauskop

06-05-2020

Headache medications, Migraine

Ondansetron (Zofran) is not a migraine drug per se, but it is used for the treatment of nausea that often accompanies a migraine attack. It belongs to a different class of nausea drugs than the older drugs such as prochlorperazine (Compazine), promethazine (Phenergan) or metoclopramide (Reglan). which are effective for both nausea and pain of migraine.

There are no good studies of ondansetron for the treatment of migraines, but the impression of most headache specialists is that it is helpful only for the treatment of nausea of migraine and not the pain. However, one large observational study does suggest that it may help more than just nausea, at least in children. Observational studies are much less reliable than double-blind placebo-controlled ones, however, the large size of this study provides some compensation for this deficiency. The researchers looked at the records of 32,124 children with migraine who presented to the emergency room. One fifth received ondansetron and it was as effective in preventing a return visit to the ER as metoclopramide, while prochlorperazine was a bit more effective.

The advantage of ondansetron is that it does not cause neurological symptoms of restlessness (akathisia) and drowsiness, which can occur with metoclopramide and prochlorperazine.

Ondansetron is available in a tablet, an orally disintegrating tablet, and as an injection, but not as a suppository. Rectal suppositories of prochlorperazine and promethazine work fast and are very useful for patients who are vomiting and cannot hold down a tablet.

Tonight you can watch a live Facebook event on exercise and migraines

By: Dr. Mauskop

30-04-2020

Alternative Therapies, Chronic migraine, Headaches, Migraine

Tonight at 6 PM (EST), Dr. Mauskop will speak at the Weekly Wellness with the American Migraine Foundation. He will discuss the role of exercise in the management of migraine headaches and the results of scientific clinical trials, as well as practical information about various types of exercise such as aerobic (cardiovascular), isometric, high-intensity interval testing, and the Feldenkrais method. He will also provide advice on how to avoid exercise-induced and exertional headaches. You can log in to see this event and ask questions here – https://www.facebook.com/events/730534437480323/

100 Migraine Drugs, A to Z: metoclopramide

By: Dr. Mauskop

19-04-2020

Headache medications, injections, Migraine

Metoclopramide (Reglan) is an anti-nausea drug that has been in use since 1979. Controlled studies have shown that metoclopramide stops not only nausea and vomiting that often accompany migraine attacks, but also relieves the pain.

The American Headache Society (AHS) and the European Federation of Neurological Societies (EFNS) guidelines on the management of adults with acute migraine recommend intravenous metoclopramide as an effective and recommended treatment in the management of acute migraine. While intravenous (IV) administration is preferred, intramuscular (IM), subcutaneous (SC) and oral routes are also effective.

These guidelines were based on many high-quality blinded studies such as one comparing 10 mg of IV metoclopramide with 600 mg of ibuprofen in which metoclopramide was clearly superior. A meta-analysis of 13 studies of intravenous metoclopramide involving 655 patients showed that “Metoclopramide is an effective treatment for migraine headache..” and that “Given its non-narcotic and antiemetic properties, metoclopramide should be considered a primary agent in the treatment of acute migraines in emergency departments”. Another emergency room study that was done after this meta-analysis was published, compared IV metoclopramide with IV ketorolac (an NSAID pain drug) and IV valproate, (an epilepsy drug approved in a pill form for the prevention of migraines) in 330 patients. Metoclopramide was the most effective of the three.

We give IV metoclopramide in the office and prescribe it in a tablet form. However, this drug is not free of side effects. Drowsiness is one of the common side effects, but a much more unpleasant side effect is severe restlessness or akathisia. Some patients describe it as wanting to crawl out of their skin, being very restless and very uncomfortable. This side effect can be relieved by diphenhydramine (Benadryl) given IV or as a tablet. According to one study, the incidence of this side effect is 6% if the IV infusion is given over 15 minutes and 25% if given as a “push” in under a minute. We usually give it as a “push” and find that significantly fewer than 20% of patients develop this side effect.

A much more serious side effect of metoclopramide is tardive dyskinesia or involuntary movements of the mouth, face or another part of the body. The FDA warning states in part:
“The development of this condition is directly related to the length of time a patient is taking metoclopramide and the number of doses taken. Those at greatest risk include the elderly, especially older women, and people who have been on the drug for a long time. Tardive dyskinesia is rarely reversible and there is no known treatment. However, in some patients, symptoms may lessen or resolve after metoclopramide treatment is stopped”. A recent review estimates that tardive dyskinesia happens in less than 1% of patients.

This very rare but devastating side effect is not likely to occur in our patients who receive this drug very infrequently, only for emergencies. However, the thought of tardive dyskinesia is always lurking in the back of our minds so we tend to use IV ondansetron (Zofran) to treat nausea. Ondansetron does not help with pain and we have to combine it with IV ketorolac (Toradol) or another drug, but it is safer.

Covid-19 and headaches

By: Dr. Mauskop

10-04-2020

Botox, Chronic migraine, Migraine

It is hard to think or write about anything other than Covid-19, so here is some information on Covid-19 and headaches.

The bad news is that the long-suffering headache patients are suffering more. Most hospitals consider Botox injections, nerve blocks, and other procedures to treat headaches as “nonessential”. Yes, our patients will not die like some of those with Covid-19, but a more nuanced approach than just canceling all “nonessential” procedures should’ve been possible. My NYC colleagues are not needed to treat Covid-19 patients and they are just sitting around worrying about their patients and their own futures. We are a private headache clinic and are continuing to see patients in our office (with all the precautions) for Botox and other procedures, although the number of patients we are treating has dropped by three quarters. Most are understandably concerned about contracting the virus and are staying home.

As far as the relationship between Covid-19 and headaches, it appears that this virus can sometimes invade the brain. This is not surprising because many viruses that affect the respiratory system can also affect the brain. The brain symptoms of Covid-19 are similar to those seen with other brain infections, including headaches (at times with nausea and vomiting), seizures, and disturbed consciousness. Loss of sense of smell is very characteristic of Covid-19 and it happens because of the damage to olfactory nerves. These nerve endings line the nasal cavity and they are directly connected to cell bodies of neurons in the brain. This is one of the possible routes of entry of the virus into the brain.

Recent reports suggest that Covid-19 causes blood clotting in small blood vessels of the lungs, which may be contributing to deaths in some patients. A few cases of strokes in Covid-19 patients have been reported, although it is not clear if blood clotting or even the virus itself were responsible. The Mt. Sinai Hospital system to which I belong just issued guidance for the use of blood thinners in Covid-19 patients. This could be life-saving for some critically ill people.

All this may sounds very alarming, but fortunately, most neurological and other symptoms of Covid-19 resolve in over 99% of patients. The mortality rate of Covid-19 seems higher than 2% only because there are so many people who had the infection with mild or no symptoms and those people are not included in the calculations of mortality rates.

One silver lining is that now we all practice telemedicine. The technology has existed for years, but a major obstacle has been the unwillingness of insurance companies to pay for telemedicine visits. The telehealth parity law was actually passed in NYS in 2016. This pandemic will make televisits much more commonplace. Telehealth law excludes audio-only and electronic messaging-only. Fortunately, there are several HIPAA-compliant video platforms that make televisits easy to conduct. Less than half of our patients need to be in the office for a procedure while the rest can be safely and effectively treated remotely. Most people have busy lives and not having to trudge to the office will save them hours of time.

Nerivio, a drug-free treatment for acute migraines

By: Dr. Mauskop

04-04-2020

Alternative Therapies, Migraine, New treatments

Nerivio is a smartphone-controlled wireless device that provides electrical stimulation of the type that is similar to TENS units widely used in physical therapy for musculoskeletal disorders. It was approved by the FDA last year for the treatment of acute migraines.

Nerivio was proven to be effective in a double-blind, sham-controlled study of 252 adults with migraine headaches. It was applied for 40 minutes on the upper arm and the strength of the current is gradually increased to a strong but non-painful intensity level. Active stimulation was more effective than sham stimulation in achieving pain relief (67% vs 39%), pain-free state (37% vs 18%), and relief of the most bothersome symptom such as nausea sensitivity to light or noise (46% vs 22%) at 2 hours post-treatment. The pain relief and pain-free superiority of the active treatment was sustained 48 hours post-treatment. The device was very well tolerated with only a few patients reporting local irritation.

This device is controlled by a smartphone which allows the manufacturer to collect data about its use (with patients’ permission and without identifying individual patients). After 6 months of my prescribing this device to a couple of hundred of patients, 62% of my patients reported having pain relief after 2 hours and 24% reported to be pain free after 2 hours. These numbers are comparable to the results seen with migraine drugs such as triptans (sumatriptan or Imitrex and other) as well as the new class of abortive migraine drugs, gepants (ubrogepant or Ubrelvy and rimegepant or Nurtec ODT). One big advantage of Nerivio is that it is not ingested and is much less likely to cause any side effects.

Theranica, the manufacturer of Nerivio is working to expand the indications for the device by conducting trials in adolescents and patients with chronic migraines.

Nerivio is not covered by most insurance companies and costs $99 for each disposable device which provides 12 treatments. It is available only by prescription. If you have difficulty finding a headache specialist, since the start of the pandemic we have begun to offer telemedicine visits using HIPAA-compliant platform. You can call our front desk (212-794-3550) to schedule an appointment.

Vitamin C is another supplement to consider for pain, immune system (Covid?), connective tissue

By: Dr. Mauskop

29-03-2020

Alternative Therapies, Migraine

Vitamin C or ascorbic acid (AA) was discovered by Albert von Szent-Györgyi for which he received the 1937 Nobel Prize in Medicine. Linus Poling, one of only 4 people to win the Nobel prize twice, devoted many years of his life to researching AA. A wealth of information on AA is available on Oregon State University’s Linus Pauling Institute website.

Many studies have shown that AA is important in collagen formation. It is also important for the proliferation of stem cells. A study of 1210 hospitalized patients showed that intravenous infusion of AA in doses of 3–10 grams/day reduced the mortality of critically ill patients. AA also plays a vital role in the functioning of the immune system as well as inflammation.

This post was prompted not only by thoughts of how to boost your immunity and increase your resistance to viral infections but also by a recent paper with a catchy title, Dietary ascorbic acid restriction in GNL/SMP30-knockout mice unveils the role of ascorbic acid in regulation of somatic and visceral pain sensitivity. The authors conclude “our data unveil the critical role of ascorbic acid in regulating somatic and visceral pain sensitivity and support accumulating clinical evidence for the usefulness of ascorbic acid in pain management.”

Another example of a basic science study of the role of AA in pain modulation is Evidence for the involvement of glutamatergic system in the antinociceptive effect of ascorbic acid.

And what about migraines? Surprisingly, nobody has done any studies of AA for the treatment of migraines. There is only one case report published in The New England Journal of Medicine describing a 32-year-old man who controlled his migraine headaches with a daily dose of 6 grams of ascorbic acid for six years. He participated in a double-blind study in which he was given either AA or placebo. At the end of 15 days, he correctly identified all days he had received vitamin C and all days he had received a placebo.

How much should you take? The Linus Pauling Institute suggests 400 mg a day, although many popular vitamin C supplements contain 1,000 mg. Taking 1,000 mg is safe, although any amount of AA can cause heartburn or upset stomach because vitamin C is an acid.

Vitamin D is good for pain, immune system (think Coronavirus), brain, and body

By: Dr. Mauskop

23-03-2020

Alternative Therapies, Migraine

Vitamin D level testing is no longer covered by many insurers and many doctors, NY Times, and other media consider taking vitamin D supplements of unproven benefit. I’ve written 10 blog posts over the past 12 years on vitamin D. These posts describe highly scientific studies of the role of vitamin D deficiency on the development of delirium in hospitalized patients, multiple sclerosis, major diseases and dying, and of course migraines.

This morning, Dr. Leo Galland during his TV appearance mentioned the importance of supplements that can boost the immune system and reduce our susceptibility to viral diseases. He mentioned vitamin D and curcumin. Dr. Galland is a highly respected physician who often helps patients with problems that are difficult to diagnose and treat. I’ve reviewed one of his excellent books The Allergy Solution in a previous post.

What prompted another post on vitamin D besides Dr. Galland’s TV appearance, was a 593-patient Mayo Clinic study which reported increased severity of fibromyalgia in patients with vitamin D deficiency. Of these 593 patients, 122 or 21% had vitamin D deficiency. Patients with lower vitamin D levels also reported higher rates of anxiety and depression and were more likely to be overweight.

If you do get your vitamin D level tested, check what the actual result is. The normal range in most laboratories is from 30 to 100. However, if you are at the bottom of the normal range, you may be deficient and be more predisposed to a variety of medical conditions. Keep your level at least in the middle of the range.