Frovatriptan (Frova) is one of seven drugs in the family of triptans, drugs used to abort a migraine attack. The first drug to receive approval in 1992 was sumatriptan (Imitrex) in an injection form, followed by tablets and nasal spray. Other drugs in this category are rizatriptan (Maxalt), zolmitriptan (Zomig), naratriptan (Amerge), almotriptan (Axert), and eletriptan (Relpax).

Frovatriptan is probably the least effective triptan and this is in part because it is the longest-lasting triptan and takes the longest to start working. Its half-life is 26 hours, which means that the body clears out half of it in that period of time. The half-life of sumatriptan, rizatriptan and zolmitriptan is 2 to 3 hours, almotriptan – 3 to 4 hours, eletriptan – 4 hours, and naratriptan – 6 hours.

When speed of onset is not crucial, which is when migraine develops slowly over a few hours, frovatriptan has the advantage of longer effect. However, if it does not provide good relief to begin with, the amount of time it stays in the body is irrelevant. Short-acting triptans work quickly and stop the migraine attack.

Frovatriptan is sometimes used for “mini-prophylaxis” of menstrual migraines – it is taken the day before the expected menstrual migraine and throughout the period. However, other triptans, including sumatriptan and naratriptan can be also effective in preventing predictable migraines, such as those occurring with periods, physical exertion or sexual activity.

Another disadvantage of frovatriptan is that it is expensive even in a generic form – $20 a pill. The triptans that only recently lost patent protection, such as frovatriptan and eletriptan have fewer generic copies and their prices are still high.

Fremanezumab (Ajovy) is one of the three drugs in the family of CGRP monoclonal antibodies that have been approved for the prevention of migraine headaches.

Fremanezumab was approved by the FDA last September. After trying erenumab (Aimovig), which was approved first, I also injected myself with Ajovy monthly for two months. My migraine headaches do not cause any disability, so I did it to see if I can reduce my attacks from triggers such as red wine, which it did, and to reassure my patients about the relative safety of these drugs.

Over the years I’ve tried Botox a couple of times and a few other treatments, but not drugs such as topiramate (Topamax) or divalproex sodium (Depakote), which I rarely prescribe to my patients because of their potential to cause serious side effects. Fortunately, my occasional migraines have always been easily controlled with sumatriptan (Imitrex), so I do not need any preventive therapies.

Tosymra is a product that uses a novel way to deliver sumatriptan through the nasal passages. Unlike other nasal formulations of sumatriptan, Tosymra uses proprietary technology, Intravail, which enhances the absorption of sumatriptan through the nasal mucosa. This allows a dose of 10 mg to achieve similar blood level to that of a 4 mg injection of sumatriptan. Clinical trials have confirmed high efficacy of Tosymra in migraine patients.

Many migraine sufferers experience nausea, which makes oral medications ineffective they take too long to work. Sumatriptan injections can be very effective, but many patients are reluctant to use them and they tend to cause more side effects. Nasal delivery offers a good middle road – better and faster delivery than by mouth without the pain and side effects of an injection.

The regular liquid sumatriptan nasal spray (Imitrex NS) has been on the market for a couple of decades, but it has never become a popular product. This is partly due to the fact that it is not consistently or well absorbed. The spray contains 20 mg of sumatriptan delivered through a relatively large droplets of fluid. Some of it is drips out from the nose, while some is swallowed and gives an already nauseated migraine patient a bad taste in the mouth.

Another formulation of nasal sumatriptan was Onzetra, which delivered powdered sumatriptan through an ingenious device. It required the patient to blow the powder into the nose and it appeared to have good efficacy.  However, it was somewhat cumbersome to use, very expensive (up to $100 a dose) and because of that it never caught on. Onzetra is no longer being sold.

I think that Tosymra is going to be a very useful addition to our lineup of abortive migraine drugs, provided it is reasonably priced and is covered by insurance companies.

Fluvoxamine (Luvox) is one of the drugs in the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class. Unlike other SSRIs, which are approved for the treatment of anxiety and depression, it is approved for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), although OCD is often accompanied by anxiety and depression. Fluvoxamine does relieve anxiety and depression as well, but it has been mostly promoted and used for the treatment of OCD.

The SSRIs are not very effective for the prevention of migraines, but a single double-blind study involving 64 patients showed that fluvoxamine is as good as amitriptyline for the prevention of migraines with fewer side effects. It may be best suited for migraine patients who also suffer from OCD, but I would not prescribe it for migraines without OCD.

Fluvoxamine may have more side effects than other SSRIs, such as fluoxetine (Prozac). Potential side effects of fluvoxamine is similar to those of other SSRIs and include nausea, insomnia, somnolence, headache (most drugs have headache as a potential side effect), decreased libido, nervousness, and dizziness. All antidepressants can also increase the risk of suicide.

Flunarizine (Sibelium) is a calcium channel blocker approved for the preventive treatment of migraines in most countries, except for the US and Japan. In many countries, flunarizine is considered to be a first-line drug for the prevention of migraines.

It is as effective as propranolol (Inderal), a beta blocker which is approved world-wide for migraine prophylaxis (and hypertension). Flunarizine, 10 mg was found to be more effective than 50 mg of topiramate (Topamax), although the average dose of topiramate for migraines is 100 mg. It can take 6 to 8 weeks before flunarizine becomes effective.

Vestibular migraine is characterized by vertigo which can occur with or without headache and is often difficult to treat. One observational study suggested that flunarizine may improve the attacks of vertigo.

The two most common side effects of flunarizine are drowsiness and weight gain, but can also cause nausea, anxiety, depression, insomnia, and dry mouth. I’ve recommended purchasing flunarizine abroad to a few of my patients who exhausted other options. None have remained on it, either because of side effects or lack of efficacy. Clearly, giving it to the most severely affected patients is not a fair way to evaluate a drug, but I’ve stopped recommending it. This is also because of legal and logistical problems in getting flunarizine from outside the US.

In the US, we do have a different calcium channel blocker, verapamil (Calan). It is not FDA-approved for migraines (only for high blood pressure) and it is not as effective as flunarizine for migraines, but is the first-line drug for the prevention of cluster headaches.

Antidepressants are widely used for the preventive treatment of migraine headaches. However, some types of antidepressants are better for this purpose than other. Fluoxetine (Prozac, Sarafem) was the first drug in the family of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) to be introduced in 1986. This category of antidepressants became very popular not because these drugs were more effective than the older antidepressants, but because they had fewer side effects.

Because tricyclic antidepressants were known to relieve pain and prevent migraine headaches, when the SSRIs became available, they were also studied for various painful conditions.

Small studies suggested that fluoxetine and similar drugs may be effective for the prevention of migraines. Here is another such small study. However, larger and scientifically more rigorous trials showed no effect of fluoxetine on migraines.

Despite this lack of scientific evidence, SSRIs (escitalopram, or Lexapro, paroxetine, or Paxil, sertraline, or Zoloft) are often prescribed for migraines and some migraine sufferers report feeling better on these drugs. One possible explanation is the placebo effect, but it is more likely to be due to the relief of anxiety and depression with some secondary improvement of migraine headaches. In case of tricyclic and some other antidepressants, their pain relieving properties are independent of their effect on depression.

While SSRIs have fewer side effects than many other antidepressants, they also can cause nausea, dizziness, insomnia, loss of libido, inability to reach an orgasm, and other unpleasant symptoms.