It is a well established fact that migraine sufferers are 2-3 times more likely to develop anxiety and depression. The reverse is also true: if you suffer from anxiety and depression, you are 2-3 times more likely to develop migraine headaches. These associations are called comorbidities. Anxiety and depression are also comorbid with other pain syndromes. A group of Dutch researchers examined records of almost 3,000 patients with anxiety and depression to look for the presence of comorbid migraines and pain in the back, neck, face, abdomen, joints, and chest. All patients were interviewed twice, with a two year interval, and were asked if they had any of those pains in the preceding 6 months. Their results, published in The Journal of Pain, clearly show that having anxiety and depression increases the risk of developing migraines and other pain syndromes equally. So, this association is not specific to migraines, but applies to all pain syndromes. This means that anxiety and depression do not cause headaches and pain and the other way around. Most likely, one condition predisposes the sufferer to develop the other. It is also likely that shared genetic predisposition or the involvement of certain brain chemicals that are involved in both pain and depression, such as serotonin, adrenalin, and other, may be responsible for these associations.

Tension and migraine headaches are the 2nd and 3rd most common medical problem in the world after dental caries (cavities), according to a new study conducted by the World Health Organization (The Global Burden of Disease Survey 2010) and reported in the journal Headache. Tension-type headaches affects 20.1% of the world’s population and migraine, 14.7%. Migraine is the 7th most disabling of all medical conditions. Migraine sufferers spend more than 5% of all of their time having pain and other symptoms of this condition. Migraine is by far the most disabling of all neurological condition. Hundreds of millions of people in the world suffer unnecessarily from headaches. This is in part due to lack of awareness of the extent, the severity, and the impact of headaches, but also due to limited resources. The National Institutes of Health in the US allocates very little money to researching headache disorders and a disproportionally large amounts on neurological conditions such as epilepsy, MS, Parkinsons, and other. I am not suggesting that these other condition do not deserve to be studied, but suffering by many more people would be relieved by investing more money in headache research.

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Sudden hearing loss is a rare condition, but it is more common in people who suffer from migraine headaches, according to just published study by Taiwanese researchers. Taiwan, just like many Scandinavian countries has national health insurance and the large computerized data base allows doctors to perform reliable studies of many medical conditions. This study, which was published in Cephalalgia, an international headache journal, involved 10,280 migraine sufferers who were compared to 41,120 healthy control subjects. Doctors examined ten years worth of records of these people and discovered that having migraines almost doubled the risk of sudden hearing loss (the medical term is sudden sensorineural hearing loss). The incidence was about 82 per 100,000 person-years in migraine sufferers and 46 in those without migraines. They also discovered that having hypertension (high blood pressure) increased the risk of sudden hearing loss. This suggests that the hearing loss may be due to sudden drop in blood supply to the hearing nerves. Surprisingly the increased risk was not more pronounced in patients with migraine with aura since vascular problems are more common in those with auras. Treatment of sudden hearing loss requires immediate visit to a doctor, who takes a detailed history, examines the patient, does hearing tests, and obtains an MRI scan of the brain. Sudden loss of hearing can be caused by impacted wax in the ear, brain tumor and other brain disorders, but usually no such causes are found. If no obvious cause is found, treatment typically involves taking a steroid medication. Acupuncture may also help.

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Many migraine sufferers report that flickering lights and vigorous exercise trigger their migraine attacks. Danish researchers published a study in the journal Neurology , in which they recruited 27 patients who suffered from migraines with aura. Of these 27, 12 reported that flickering lights triggered their attacks, 10 reported that vigorous exercise did and 4 felt that both of these were triggers, while only one felt that these were not triggers for her migraine headaches. These patients were then subjected to bright flickering lights for 30-40 minutes, exhausting exercise for 1 hour, or both. None of the 11 patients who were exposed to bright flickering lights developed a migraine, exercise alone triggered a migraine in 4 out of 12 patients (one migraine with aura and three had migraine without aura), while both types of stimulation together triggered a migraine with aura in 2 out of 7. This is a surprising finding, but it does not mean that patients are wrong about flickering light and strenuous exercise triggering migraines. A more likely explanation is that any particular trigger may require certain additional conditions, such as location which is associated with the expected headache, prior conditioning, such as stress that accompanies exposure to bright light in a certain room, added triggers, such as lack of sleep, alcohol, blood caffeine level, and many other. It is also possible that migraine with aura, unlike migraine without aura, is less likely to be triggered by exercise and flickering lights.
If you are exposed to one of your known triggers, if possible, you should try avoiding exposure to other triggers at the same time since it is often a combination of triggers that brings on a migraine. Regular aerobic exercise is one of the most effective preventive treatments for migraine headaches, so patients who are convinced that exercise triggers their headaches can be advised to start slow and gradually increase the duration and the intensity of their exercise. Ideally, everyone should exercise at least three times a week. Stationary bike or an elliptical machine may not be as much of a trigger as running because jarring of the head could also contribute to headaches. If even mild exercise causes a headache, taking an anti-inflammatory medication, such as ibuprofen or Migralex prior to exercise may prevent the headache. After a few weeks the medication may no longer be needed. Whatever is the trigger, general preventive measures will often reduce their impact. Besides exercise, these include getting enough sleep, learning biofeedback or meditation, taking supplements such as magnesium, CoQ10, and other, Botox injections, and as a last resort, prophylactic medications.

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Newer oral contraceptives increase the risk of strokes and other types of blood clots in patients with migraines with aura, according to a study to be presented at the next meeting of the American Academy of Neurology in San Diego in March. We have known for many years that estrogen-based oral contraceptives increase the risk of strokes in women who suffer from migraines with aura. However, most of the studies were done looking at the old contraceptives which contain a relatively high amount of estrogen (such as Ortho-Novum 1/50, Ovral, Ogestrel, and other). It was logical to assume that the newer contraceptives (such as Yaz, Yasmin, Loestrin, and other) with lower amounts of estrogen would be safer. Most headache specialists, myself included, were not as adamant about avoiding the newer low-dose estrogen contraceptives in our patients who had migraine auras. I would always discuss the risk of strokes and other blood clots with my patients and would always suggest using other modes of contraception, but if other methods were not acceptable to the woman or if the contraceptive had other benefits (helped PMS, acne, regulated periods, reduced bleeding, etc) I would not make a big fuss. This new study will make me more insistent on stopping the pill because the risk appears to be even higher with the newer contraceptives than with the old ones. Even the vaginal ring (NuvaRing), which I mentioned in a recent post as a good option to reduce menstrual migraines, carries a higher risk than the old oral contraceptives. The ring has a low dose of estrogen, but it is speculated that the risk is further increased because estrogen is released continuously (with the pill estrogen goes in and out of the body daily). The same may apply to estrogen patches, such as Ortho Evra. The study looked at over 145 thousand women, which makes its conclusions fairly reliable. Another surprising finding of this study is that the risk of blood clots in legs (deep vein thrombosis) was very high – 7.6% in women with migraine with aura and 6.3% in those without aura taking contraceptives.
The bottom line, if you suffer from migraines with aura do not take estrogen-based contraceptives, whether in a pill, patch, or ring, unless you and your doctor decide that the benefits outweigh the risks.

Some features of migraine with aura clearly set it apart from migraines without aura. Aura is present in 15% to 20% of migraine sufferers. Most often it is a visual disturbance, which consists of either gradual loss of vision, starting from the periphery of visual field and moving to the midline. Many people see shimmering and sparkling lights with or without loss of vision and some see things smaller than they are. Sensory aura consists of pins-and-needles, tingling and numbness on one side of the body, often starting with the hand, moving up the arm and then involving the face. Typical aura lasts 20-60 minutes, but it can be shorter or longer. Auras are usually followed by a headache, but sometimes it occurs without any pain. People who have auras are at a slightly higher risk of having a stroke. This risk is magnified by other factors, such as smoking, high-dose estrogen contraceptives, hypertension, diabetes, and high cholesterol.
A recent study by Austrian neurologists published in Headache examined 54 patients who kept a detailed diary and recorded a total of 354 migraine auras. Using a statistical tool called multivariate analysis they discovered that smoking, menstruation, and hunger were likely to increase the risk of having an aura. Holidays and days off reduced the possibility of experiencing an aura. They also found that non-migraine headaches and migraine without aura were more likely to occur during menstruation, psychological stress, tiredness, odors, and were decreased by smoking.
The surprising finding in this study is that the risk of having a migraine with aura was doubled in the first three days of menstruation. The consensus of headache specialists has been that menstrual migraine is typically a migraine without aura, although at least one other study by Danish doctors also reported menstruation as a trigger of migraine with aura.

The use of acute anti-migraine medications in patients with episodic migraine (migraine occurring on less than 14 days a month) prevents progression of episodic migraine into its chronic form, according to Dr. Zaza Katsarava and his colleagues in Essen, Germany. They followed 1,601 patients with episodic migraine headaches for two years. None of these patients were taking prophylactic medications and 151 patients took no acute anti-migraine medications. Overall, during the two years of observation, 6.2% of 1,601 patients developed chronic migraines (defined as headaches occurring on 15 or more days each month). However, those who took triptans (sumatriptan and other) had a 66% reduction of risk of headaches becoming chronic, those who took a single pain medicine had a 61% lower risk of chronification, and those who took a combination pain killer, like Excedrin, had a 40% reduction of this risk. This analysis took into account patients’ age, sex, body mass, education level and baseline migraine frequency. A possible explanation for why combination drugs were less protective is that most of them contain caffeine, which is known to make headaches worse. Another very important lesson that can be drawn from this study is that it is important to treat migraine attacks with effective medications because if left untreated these intermittent attacks may become more frequent and even daily. At least two million Americans suffer from chronic migraines and it is likely that in many this debilitating condition could have been prevented by more aggressive and effective treatment of acute attacks.